Suitability Evaluation of Different Varieties of Lotus Rhizome for Lotus Rhizome Balls
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摘要: 为探究莲藕品种对藕圆子品质的影响,本实验选取6个主栽品种莲藕制备藕圆子,测定其表面色泽、质构特性、水分含量和脂肪含量,并用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析藕圆子挥发性风味成分,最后结合感官评分进行综合评价。结果表明:‘芦林湖藕’藕圆子亮度值L*、b*值显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),‘鄂莲五号’藕圆子的a*值最低;6种藕圆子质构综合品质排名由高到低依次为‘鄂莲五号’、‘红芽莲藕’、‘芦林湖藕’、‘沔城藕’、‘鄂莲六号’、‘新垦莲藕’;水分含量和脂肪含量最高的是‘芦林湖藕’藕圆子,最低的是‘新垦莲藕’,其中‘鄂莲五号’藕圆子水分含量较高,脂肪含量适中。HS-SPME-GC-MS检测结果得出藕圆子中含有104种挥发性风味物质,其中主要风味物质是酯类、醛类和酚类,‘鄂莲五号’和‘沔城藕’藕圆子的醛类含量高于另外四种藕圆子。电子鼻分析表明,6种藕圆子样品组成主体风味成分相近,但也存在一定差异,其中‘鄂莲五号’藕圆子样品整体风味优于其他品种;感官评价中,‘鄂莲五号’藕圆子获得最高的感官评分。综上所述,不同品种莲藕的藕圆子风味和品质存在明显差异,在所研究的材料中‘鄂莲五号’莲藕是制作藕圆子的最佳品种。Abstract: In order to explore the influence of lotus rhizome varieties on the quality of lotus seed, six main varieties of lotus root were selected to prepare lotus seed, and their surface color, texture characteristics, water content and fat content were measured. The volatile flavor components of lotus seed were analyzed by electronic nose and headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Finally, combined with sensory score, comprehensive evaluation was carried out. The results showed that the brightness values L* and b* of 'Lulinhu' rhizome balls were significantly higher than that of the others (P<0.05), and the value a* of 'Elian No.5' rhizome balls was the lowest among them. Lotus rhizome balls made from 'Elian No.5' possessed the highest texture quality among all the six samples, followed by that made from 'Hongya', 'Lulinhu', 'Miancheng', 'Elian No.6' and 'Xinken'. The lotus rhizome balls made from 'Lulinhu' possessed the highest moisture content and fat content. The lotus rhizome balls made from 'Xinken' had the lowest moisture content and fat content. Among the six mainly-planted variety of lotus rhizomes, lotus rhizome balls made from 'Elian No.5' features a relatively high moisture content and a moderate fat content. The result of HS-SPME-GC-MS showed that there were a total of 104 volatile flavor components found in lotus rhizome balls, mainly including esters, aldehydes and phenols. The content of aldehydes in lotus rhizome balls made from 'Elian No.5' and 'Miancheng' was higher than that in the other four varieties of lotus rhizome balls. The findings of the E-nose showed that the key flavor compounds from six kinds of lotus rhizome balls were similar, but there was a slightly different, among them the overall flavor of the lotus rhizome balls made from 'Elian No.5' was slightly better than that made from the other varieties and the lotus rhizome balls made from 'Elian No.5' achieved the highest score in the sensory evaluation. The lotus rhizome balls made from different varieties of lotus rhizomes possessed different flavors and qualities. Among the lotus rhizome balls made from the lotus rhizomes used in this work, the lotus rhizome ball from 'Elian No.5' showed the best quality.
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Key words:
- lotus rhizome ball /
- variety /
- lotus rhizome /
- texture properties /
- flavor compounds /
- sensory evaluation
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表 1 不同品种藕圆子感官评价得分
Table 1. Sensory evaluation scores of lotus rhizome balls from different varieties
指标 评分标准 评分(分) 滋味 油炸香味和莲藕清香味明显,咸香适口,
无焦糊味,无涩味21~30 油炸香味和莲藕清香味不明显,
有轻微焦糊味,有稍微涩味11~20 有生味或严重焦糊味,口感较差,有异味,涩味严重 0~10 气味 有明显油炸香味和莲藕清香味,香气浓郁,无异味 13~20 除了油炸香味和莲藕清香味外,还有些许异味 7~12 不能闻到油炸香味和莲藕清香味,或仅能闻到油炸
香味和莲藕清香味,并且有异味0~6 咀嚼性 咀嚼性好,外酥内软,有明显的莲藕块脆感,口感细腻 11~15 咀嚼性较差,口感较粗糙 6~10 咀嚼性差,口感粗糙 0~5 色泽 藕圆子表皮呈金黄色,均匀一致,无过焦或过白现象 11~15 颜色焦黄,不均匀 6~10 颜色焦黑黄且表皮有黑色杂质 0~5 形状 形态好,呈饱满的球状 7~10 形态差,呈椭圆形 4~6 形态较差,基本不呈球状 0~3 硬度 外酥里嫩,不咯牙,无破皮的状态 7~10 有轻微咯牙,无明显破皮状态 4~6 比较咯牙 0~3 表 2 不同莲藕品种的藕圆子表皮色度
Table 2. Color parameters of lotus rhizome balls prepared from different varieties of lotus rhizomes
样品 L* a* b* $ \mathrm{\Delta }E $ A 52.99±0.98c 8.55±1.33a 30.30±2.13c B 45.32±1.73b 12.67±0.25b 26.28±0.94b 10.09±1.06b C 35.83±2.06a 17.99±1.41c 23.50±1.29ab 21.05±1.48d D 50.75±0.39c 10.15±0.57a 35.44±1.12d 6.14±1.99a E 50.32±0.70c 9.49±0.62a 35.31±2.69d 5.98±0.81a F 42.86±3.88b 10.12±0.35a 20.44±2.17a 14.62±1.73c 注:同一列中具有不同小写字母在统计学上(P<0.05)具有显著差异性;表3、表6、表8同。 表 3 不同莲藕品种制备藕圆子的质构特性
Table 3. Texture characteristics of lotus rhizome balls prepared from different varieties of lotus rhizomes
样品 硬度(g) 弹性 内聚性 咀嚼性(mJ) 回复性 A 473.90±62.01a 0.64±0.02d 0.19±0.010cd 55.98±7.14d 0.063±0.005a B 599.33±21.59bc 0.35±0.02a 0.15±0.015b 31.48±4.04b 0.057±0.012a C 573.37±49.75b 0.42±0.05bc 0.13±0.007a 30.42±4.47b 0.048±0.008a D 639.41±23.52c 0.41±0.02b 0.17±0.009bc 44.72±2.67c 0.060±0.008ab E 542.30±28.23b 0.45±0.01c 0.21±0.002d 46.54±2.52c 0.074±0.011ab F 810.25±16.59d 0.35±0.04a 0.13±0.004a 27.49±3.26a 0.052±0.004ab 表 4 质构主成分方法贡献率
Table 4. Variance contribution rate of principal components
成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和 特征值 方差贡献率(%) 累积方差贡献率(%) 特征值 方差贡献率(%) 累积方差贡献率(%) 1 2.941 58.827 58.827 2.941 58.827 58.827 2 1.446 28.917 87.744 1.446 28.917 87.744 3 0.536 10.711 98.455 4 0.045 0.908 99.363 5 0.032 0.637 100 表 5 变量因子载荷矩阵
Table 5. Variable factor load matrix
变量 品质指标 主成分1 主成分2 X1 硬度 0.626 0.684 X2 弹性 0.782 0.167 X3 内聚性 0.781 ?0.606 X4 咀嚼性 0.889 0.426 X5 回复性 0.732 ?0.634 表 6 不同品种莲藕制备藕圆子的水分含量和脂肪含量
Table 6. Water content and fat content of lotus rhizome balls from different varieties of lotus rhizomes
样品 水分含量(%) 脂肪含量(%) A 59.36±0.48cd 13.80±1.50cd B 58.40±1.60bc 13.80±2.40bc C 58.60±0.60bc 13.59±0.55bc D 60.34±0.93d 15.02±0.74d E 57.29±0.79b 11.81±0.37b F 55.25±0.81a 9.16±0.68a 表 7 不同莲藕品种的藕圆子挥发性风味物质及相对含量
Table 7. Volatile composition of lotus rhizome balls from different varieties
种类 化合物名称 保留时间(min) 样品A 样品B 样品C 样品D 样品E 样品F 醇类 2-硝基乙醇 2.24 ? 5.46 3.29 ? ? 2.32 丙二醇 2.25 ? ? ? 5.5 ? ? (S)-(+)-1,3-丁二醇 2.33 ? 1.64 ? 1.99 ? ? 环戊醇 3.23 ? ? 0.05 ? ? ? 丙酮醇 4.08 ? ? 0.17 ? ? ? 2,4-庚二烯-1-醇 4.56 ? 0.11 ? ? ? ? 正戊醇 5.23 0.35 ? ? ? ? ? 3-呋喃甲醇 6.98 0.74 1.72 ? 1.54 ? 2.35 正己醇 7.38 0.25 ? ? ? ? 2.34 橙花醇 9.27 ? 0.76 ? 0.47 ? 3.09 正庚醇 10.36 0.82 1.03 1.03 ? 0.77 1.37 1-辛烯-3-醇 10.64 1 ? 0.96 0.62 0.89 2.64 正辛醇 14.37 1.23 ? ? 0.83 ? ? 芳樟醇 15.27 1.79 ? 1.68 ? 2.04 ? 4-萜烯醇 16.66 ? 0.13 0.11 ? ? 0.25 α-松油醇 17.04 ? ? ? ? ? 0.52 2-茨醇 17.28 ? 0.39 0.35 ? ? ? 3,7-二甲基-6-辛烯-1-醇 18.07 ? ? ? ? ? 0.1 3,7,11-三甲基-1-十二烷醇 20.74 0.07 ? ? ? ? ? 11-十六炔-1-醇 21.77 0.08 ? ? ? ? ? (Z,E)-9,12-十四二烯-1-醇 23.17 0.28 ? ? ? ? ? 1-十四醇 23.49 0.14 0.2 0.13 0.1 ? ? 正二十二醇 25.84 0.02 ? ? ? ? ? 1-十七烷醇 26.65 0.07 ? ? ? ? ? 十九烷醇 31.19 ? ? ? 0.08 0.15 ? 醛类 2-甲基丁醛 3.26 0.05 1.84 ? 0.51 ? 4.96 正己醛 5.97 5.23 5.04 7.12 2.54 5.49 ? 庚醛 8.98 2.57 ? 2.74 ? ? ? (E)-2-庚烯醛 10.72 4.19 4.66 4.95 3.56 4 ? 桃醛 12.94 ? ? ? ? 0.09 0.51 (E)-2-辛烯醛 13.06 3.36 3.98 3.24 3.53 2.76 3.98 苯乙醛 13.51 ? 0.86 0.8 0.6 0.81 ? 2-甲基十一醛 14.10 0.43 0.58 0.51 0.4 0.56 0.67 壬醛 14.47 14.56 13.45 13.98 10.17 14.06 15.86 癸醛 17.44 1.14 0.9 1.07 0.79 0.91 0.79 (E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛 17.67 0.49 0.36 0.42 0.31 0.3 0.35 (E)-4-癸醛 18.18 0.38 0.24 0.34 0.34 ? ? (E)-2-癸烯醛 19.02 13.4 12.27 13.03 9.82 11.75 8.39 柠檬醛 19.29 ? ? ? ? ? 0.18 十一醛 21.26 0.59 0.54 0.56 0.46 0.51 0.31 2-十一烯醛 22.78 10.23 8.96 9.21 7.71 9.64 5.61 (E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 23.04 15.42 14.12 14.09 11.94 13.65 9.62 十二醛 23.94 0.35 ? 0.37 0.29 0.36 ? 十四烷醛 29.76 0.02 ? ? ? ? ? 烃类 庚烷 3.64 ? ? 0.09 ? ? ? 1-氯戊烷 4.90 ? ? 0.61 ? 0.32 2.54 1-氯庚烷 7.99 ? ? ? ? 0.33 ? 2-氯庚烷 8.00 ? ? ? 0.12 ? ? 二氧化乙烯基环己烯 9.82 ? 0.61 ? ? ? ? P-伞花烃 12.04 ? ? ? ? ? 0.59 正十二烷 15.03 0.68 0.51 0.66 0.47 0.59 ? 十一烷 15.27 ? ? ? 1.13 ? ? 环氧化蛇麻烯 II 16.02 ? ? ? 0.71 ? ? 萘 17.76 ? ? 0.04 ? ? ? 角鲨烯 18.81 ? ? ? ? ? 0.52 正十三烷 20.05 0.63 0.59 0.63 0.48 0.39 0.25 正十四烷 22.70 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.18 0.24 0.15 α-柏木烯 24.83 ? ? 0.19 0.08 ? 0.48 Α-姜黄烯 24.92 ? ? 0.93 0.59 0.14 1.92 β-柏木烯 26.16 ? ? 0.36 0.17 ? 0.69 十五烷 26.32 0.25 ? ? ? 0.28 ? 呋喃类 2-戊基呋喃 11.03 5.67 4.66 4.9 4.27 5.81 12.56 2-庚基呋喃 17.07 0.95 0.97 1.13 0.9 0.73 0.69 吡嗪类 2-乙基吡嗪 8.62 ? ? ? ? 1.89 1.61 2,3-二甲基吡嗪 8.75 0.79 ? ? ? 1.8 0.3 2,5-二甲基吡嗪 9.23 1.76 4.28 ? 13.92 2.1 ? 2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪 12.02 ? ? ? 1.23 ? ? 2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪 12.04 ? ? ? ? 0.15 ? 2-甲基-3-(2-甲基丙基)吡嗪 12.91 ? 0.28 ? 0.35 ? ? 2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪 13.86 0.1 ? 0.1 0.53 ? 0.09 2,3-二甲基-5-乙基吡嗪 13.93 0.28 0.48 0.2 ? 0.5 0.45 2-乙基-3,6-二甲基吡嗪 14.60 1.8 3 2.53 5.98 2.22 ? 2-异丙基-3-甲基吡嗪 14.94 ? ? ? 0.12 ? ? 酯类 甲酸辛酯 13.44 ? 1.19 1.39 ? 1.06 0.92 丙位癸内酯 16.88 ? 0.09 ? ? ? ? 丙位庚内酯 16.88 0.1 ? ? 0.08 ? ? 丙位十二内酯 18.59 ? ? ? ? ? 0.44 丙位辛内酯 18.94 0.27 0.21 0.33 0.16 0.17 0.12 乙酸龙脑酯 19.75 ? ? ? ? ? 0.5 酸类 L-乳酸 2.33 ? ? ? ? 7.02 ? 乙酸 2.55 ? ? 0.02 ? ? 3.42 亚油酸 14.94 ? ? 0.03 ? ? ? 壬酸 20.21 ? ? ? 0.03 ? ? 反式-13-十八碳烯酸 23.38 ? 0.04 ? ? ? ? 酮类 2-戊基环己-1-酮 7.52 ? ? 0.38 ? ? ? 2-丙基环己酮 7.56 ? ? ? ? 0.7 ? 5-甲基-2-己酮 8.65 ? 0.75 ? ? 0.96 ? 2-庚酮 8.66 0.73 ? 0.89 ? ? ? 甲基庚烯酮 10.90 ? ? ? ? ? 0.87 3-辛酮 11.71 0.1 ? ? ? ? ? 甲基环戊烯醇酮 12.93 ? ? ? 0.09 ? ? 3-壬烯-2-酮 15.51 ? 0.71 ? ? ? 0.63 2-(丙烷-2-基)环己酮 16.02 ? ? ? ? 0.97 ? 3-丁基-环戊酮 16.10 2.26 2.12 2.19 1.84 1.83 1.88 9-羟基-4,7-巨豆二烯-3-酮 16.31 0.17 ? 0.14 ? 0.12 ? 3-壬烯-2-酮 16.46 0.62 ? 0.59 ? 0.54 ? 3,3,5,5-四甲基环己酮 17.96 ? ? ? ? ? 0.87 氧杂环十二烷-2-酮 18.18 ? ? ? ? 0.26 ? 6-十二烷酮 22.97 0.08 ? ? ? ? ? 7-十三酮 22.98 ? ? ? 0.04 ? ? 2-环亚戊基环戊酮 23.25 0.03 ? ? ? ? ? 苯己酮 25.28 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 ? ? 2-十五烷酮 30.60 0.12 ? 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.08 注:-代表未检出。 表 8 不同品种藕圆子的感官评价结果
Table 8. Sensory scores of different lotus rhizome balls
样品 滋味 气味 咀嚼 色泽 形状 硬度 综合评分 A 19.33±1.02ab 15.00±0.61d 11.33±0.04bc 13.00±0.73c 7.33±1.15a 7.67±0.53b 73.66±1.05e B 20.67±1.93b 13.33±0.51b 11.67±0.15c 11.00±1.00b 7.33±0.58a 7.33±1.15ab 71.33±0.17ed C 21.33±1.79b 14.67±0.13d 10.67±0.53b 8.00±1.00a 7.00±1.65a 6.67±1.15ab 68.34±0.49bc D 16.67±1.59a 10.67±0.79a 11.67±0.51c 12.67±1.31bc 7.67±0.58a 5.33±0.53a 64.68±2.16a E 19.33±1.51ab 14.33±0.53cd 11.33±0.08bc 11.67±1.08bc 6.67±1.08a 7.00±1.00ab 70.33±2.02cd F 21.33±1.08b 13.67±0.21bc 9.33±0.53a 6.67±0.53a 7.67±1.53a 7.33±1.53ab 66.00±1.22ab -
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