A Review of Nutritional Components and Biological Activity of Ficus carica
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摘要: 无花果是一种药食两用型水果，口感酸甜、肉质软糯，深受消费者喜爱。无花果富含糖、氨基酸、多酚等营养成分，具有很高的营养价值。无花果具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降血脂等生物活性，是开发功能性食品的优质资源。本文对无花果的营养成分进行介绍，分析其抗氧化、降血脂、抗肿瘤、抗炎及抗菌等方面的生物活性，并对无花果的研究方向进行展望，旨在为无花果功能性食品的开发和产业化提供理论依据。Abstract: Ficus carica is a kind of edible medicinal fruit, which is accepted by mostly customer because its sweet and sour taste and soft fleshy. Ficus carica is rich in nutritional components such as sugar, amino acids and polyphenols, which has high nutritional values. Ficus carica has significant physiological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, and lowering blood lipid, which makes it high-quality resource for functional foods. In this paper, the nutritional compositions and biological activities such as antioxidant, lowering blood lipid, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbico of Ficus carica are reviewed, and the future research directions are prospected. This paper provides theoretical basis for further development and industrialization of Ficus carica functional food.
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Key words:
- Ficus carica /
- nutritional components /
- biological activity /
- antioxidant activity
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表 1 无花果中多糖的结构特征
Table 1. Structural characteristics of polysaccharides in ficus fig
编号 平均分子量（kDa） 单糖组成 主链结构 支链结构 参考文献 1 121 Rha:Ara:Gal:Glc:Man
=2.69:23.85:49.68:3.74:1.00→4,6）-β-D-Gal-（1→
→3,6）-β-D-Man-（1→
→5）-α-L-Ara-（1→→4）-α-D-Glc-（1→
→3）-β-L-Rha-（1→[18] 2 22.5 Ara:Gal:Glc:Man
=1.59:1.42:1.00:13.70→6）-β-D-Gal-（1→
→3,6）-β-D-Man-（1→
→2,6）-β-D-Man-（1→
→5）-α-L-Ara-（1→→6）-β-D-Gal-（1→
→6）-α-D-Glc-（1→
→4）-α-D-Glc-（1→[18] 3 102.9 Rha:Ara:Gal:Glc:Man
=1.14:6.71:9.25:1.07:1.00→6）-β-D-Gal-（1→
→2,6）-β-D-Man-（1→
→5）-α-L-Ara-（1→
→2）-β-D-Man-（1→→6）-α-D-Glc-（1→
→3）-β-L-Rha-（1→[18] 4 21.9 Rha:Ara:Gal:Glc
=1.37:8.35:13.63:1.00→6）-β-D-Gal-（1→
→3,6）-β-D-Gal-（1→
→5）-α-L-Ara-（1→
→4）-β-D-Gal-（1→→4）-β-L-Rha-（1→
→4）-α-D-Glc-（1→
→6）-α-D-Glc-（1→[18] 5 6.89×103 GlcA:GalA:Glc:Fuc:Ara:Gla:Rha:Man
=0.2:3.6:0.6:0.4:0.2:1.0:0.3:0.2[19] 
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表 2 无花果中酚类物质含量
Table 2. Phenolics content in ficus fig
酚类化合物含量（mg/100 g DW） 无花果品种 Verdal brevas Campera Bouhouli Germencik Nazilli 槲皮素 \ \ 19 \ \ 槲皮-3 -葡萄糖苷 \ \ 57 \ \ 槲皮素-3-O-芸香苷 328.3 42.9 73 36.44 43.75 槲皮素-3-O-丙二酰-半乳糖苷 58.0 15.3 \ \ \ 槲皮素-3-半乳糖苷 11.9 8.9 \ \ \ 儿茶素 90.6 20.6 424 \ \ 原花青素 73.0 56.7 \ \ \ 咖啡酸 \ \ 313 \ \ 二羟基苯甲酸 \ \ 135 \ \ 绿原酸 51.0 9.4 88 5.14 3.48 表儿茶素 43.1 9.0 \ 67.52 60.82 矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷 40.9 14.4 90 \ \ 矢车菊素-3,5-O-二葡萄糖苷 1.4 0.7 84 \ \ 山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷 9.6 4.1 \ \ \ 芹黄素-C-己糖苷-戊糖苷 6.4 3.3 \ \ \ 丁香酸 \ \ \ 3.03 3.27 没食子酸 \ \ \ 1.15 1.35 天竺葵素-3-O-芸香糖苷 0.7 0.6 \ \ \ 参考文献 [10] [10] [33] [34] [34] 
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表 3 无花果主要生理活性
Table 3. Major biological activity of ficus fig
活性 活性成分 模型 指标 测量值或变化情况 参考文献 抗氧化 乙醇提取物 高脂饮食诱导高脂血症大鼠 TBARS含量 下降38% [6] 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力 上升87% 超氧化物歧化酶活力 上升79% 过氧化氢酶活力 上升81% 乙醇提取物 自由基清除能力 DPPH自由基清除能力 果皮IC50=0.46 mg/mL
果肉IC50=1.13 mg/mL[16] 还原能力 还原能力 果皮IC50=3.58 mg/mL
果肉IC50=4.43 mg/mL胡萝卜素漂白 抑制胡萝卜素漂白能力 果皮IC50=0.135 mg/mL
果肉IC50=0.048 mg/mL多糖 体外自由基清除能力 超氧阴离子自由基清除率 下降75% [36] 羟基自由基清除率 下降38% 降血脂 乙醇提取物 高脂饮食诱导高脂血症大鼠 总胆固醇含量 下降32% [6] 甘油三酯含量 下降43% 低密度脂蛋白含量 下降54% 高密度脂蛋白含量 上升56% 干燥无花果 高脂饮食诱导动脉粥样硬化仓鼠 体重 下降14.8% [38] 肝脏重量 下降9.5% 天冬氨酸转氨酶活力 下降31.6% 丙氨酸转氨酶 下降28.8% 多糖 四氧嘧啶诱导Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠 甘油三酯含量 下降32.5% [39] 胆固醇含量 下降17.5% 抗肿瘤 水提物 宫颈癌细（Hella） 细胞增殖 下降66% [7] 肝癌细胞（Hepg2） 细胞增殖 下降97% 乙酸乙酯提取物 人结肠癌细胞HCT-116 细胞凋亡 IC50=391 μg/mL [41] 人结肠癌细胞HT-29 细胞凋亡 IC50=381 μg/mL 抗炎 异戊烯基异黄酮衍生物 脂多糖诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7 NO抑制效果 IC50=0.89~8.49 μmol/L [43] 抗菌 水提物 阴沟肠杆菌 最低抑菌浓度 2.34 mg/mL [46] 甲醇提取物 阴沟肠杆菌 最低抑菌浓度 2.34 mg/mL [46] 乙醇提取物 甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌 最低抑菌浓度 2.5 mg/mL [16] 大肠杆菌 最低抑菌浓度 5 mg/mL 摩根氏菌 最低抑菌浓度 5 mg/mL 抗辐射 水提物 铯137辐射白鼠72 h 丙氨酸转氨酶活力 下降26.0% [49] 天冬氨酸转氨酶活力 下降58.1% 尿素 下降52.4% 白蛋白 上升112.5% 降血糖 无花果多糖 四氧嘧啶诱导Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠 空腹血糖水平 下降45.5% [39] 糖化血红蛋白水平 下降28.0% 
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