Effect of Different Drying Processes on the Quality of Ficus hirta Vahl.
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摘要: 为比较晒干、熏硫干燥、真空冷冻干燥及50 ℃热风干燥四种干燥方式对五指毛桃品质的影响，本研究采用高效液相色谱法、气质联用色谱法等方法，对晒干、熏硫干燥、真空冷冻干燥、50 ℃热风干燥后的五指毛桃中的补骨脂素、总多酚、总黄酮、可溶性糖以及挥发性成分进行了测定，对五指毛桃品质差异进行综合评价。结果表明，晒干、熏硫干燥、真空冷冻干燥及50 ℃热风干燥分别将五指毛桃水分含量降低至15%（安全储存水分含量）所需的时间分别约为22、19、15和12 h。不同干燥方式对五指毛桃中的活性成分和挥发性成分均有一定的影响，补骨脂素含量分别为0.49 、0.60、0.35 和0.71 mg/g；多酚含量分别为1.50 、3.95、1.44和1.59 mg/g；黄酮含量分别为3.91、4.65、1.19、1.55 mg/g；可溶性糖含量分别为94.95、83.83、86.76、82.19 mg/g；气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析结果表明，晒干、熏硫干燥、真空冷冻干燥和50 ℃热风干燥的五指毛桃样品中挥发性成分相对含量分别为75.20%、70.99%、57.18%和69.36%。在实际生产中，若天气晴好，采用晒干方式是最经济环保的干燥方式；若遇阴雨天气，则可选用50 ℃热风干燥。Abstract: In order to comprehensive evaluate the quality of Ficus hirta Vahl., which were dried under sun, fumigated by sulfur dioxide, dried by vacuum freezing, and dried by hot air at 50 ℃, the contents of psoralen, total polyphenols, total flavones, soluble sugars and volatile components were determined by HPLC and GC-MS. The results showed that 22, 19, 15 and 12 h was needed to reduce the moisture content of Ficus hirta Vahl. to 15% (safe storage moisture content), respectively. When Ficus hirta Vahl. were dried by sun drying, sulfur dioxide fumigated drying, vacuum freezing drying and 50 ℃ hot air drying, the contents of psoralen were 0.49, 0.60, 0.35 and 0.71 mg/g, respectively. The content of total polyphenols were 1.50, 3.95, 1.44 and 1.59 mg/g, respectively. The content of total flavonoids were 3.91, 4.65, 1.19, 1.55 mg/g, respectively. The content of soluble sugars were 94.95, 83.83, 86.76, 82.19 mg/g, respectively. GC-MS results showed that the relative contents of volatile components were 75.20% , 70.99% , 57.18% and 69.36% respectively in the samples dried by sun-drying, fumigation-sulfur drying, vacuum freeze-drying and 50 ℃ hot-air drying. In actual production, if the weather was fine, sun drying would be the most economical and environmentally friendly drying method. In case of overcast and rainy weather, 50 ℃ hot air drying would be used.
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Key words:
- Ficus hirta Vahl. /
- drying /
- active component /
- volatile component /
- quality
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图 1 不同干燥方式下五指毛桃干燥曲线
Figure 1. Drying curve of Ficus hirta Vahl. under different drying processes
图 3 不同干燥方式下五指毛桃中多酚的含量
Figure 3. Total polyphenols content of Ficus hirta Vahl. under different drying processes
图 4 不同干燥方式下五指毛桃中黄酮的含量
Figure 4. Total flavonoids content of Ficus hirta Vahl. under different drying processes
图 5 不同干燥方式下五指毛桃中可溶性糖的含量
Figure 5. Soluble polysaccharides content of Ficus hirta Vahl. under different drying processes
表 1 不同干燥方式下五指毛桃中挥发性成分的含量（相对含量， %）
Table 1. Content of volatile component of Ficus hirta Vahl. under different drying processes ( relative content, %)
序号
名称
SD
SFD
VFD
50℃ HD
1
Acetic acid
乙酸
0.81±0.01
5.64±0.66
2.09±0.02
1.97±0.29
2
Hexanoic acid
己酸
24.44±6.79
11.01±1.37
12.25±0.13
6.71±0.92
3
Nonanoic acid
壬酸
?
?
1.03±0.00
?
4
Octanoic acid
辛酸
?
?
1.91±0.01
0.67±0.03
5
Butanal, 3-methyl-
3-甲基丁醛
0.43±0.00
0.95±0.05
?
?
6
Pentanal
戊醛
0.72±0.01
0.60±0.01
?
?
7
Hexanal
己醛
9.69±1.42
8.63±0.78
?
14.74±0.11
8
Heptanal
庚醛
2.20±0.11
2.28±0.19
?
?
9
2-Hexenal, （E）-
2-己烯醛，（E）-
0.21±0.00
0.20±0.00
?
?
10
Furfural
糠醛
?
1.08±0.00
?
?
11
Octanal
辛醛
3.12±0.01
2.22±0.04
1.14±0.00
3.29±0.03
12
2-Octenal, （E）-
2-辛烯醛，（E）-
3.71±0.00
3.49±0.01
?
?
13
2-Octenal, 2-butyl-
2-丁基-2-辛烯醛
1.52±0.00
1.20±0.02
2.21±0.03
0.44±0.33
14
Benzaldehyde
苯甲醛
?
1.39±0.00
0.80±0.00
1.75±0.05
15
Nonanal
壬醛
6.17±0.08
4.59±0.05
?
5.62±0.63
16
2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-
5-甲基呋喃醛
?
0.42±0.00
?
?
17
Decanal
癸醛
?
?
1.26±0.00
1.84±0.25
18
2,4-Nonadienal, （E,E）-
（E,E）-2,4-壬二烯醛
?
?
0.21±0.00
0.29±0.01
19
2-Dodecenal
反-2-十二烯醛
?
?
0.53±0.00
0.56±0.00
20
2-Undecenal
2-十一烯醛
?
?
?
0.27±0.00
21
2,4-Decadienal, （E,E）-
（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛
?
?
?
0.15±0.00
22
2,4-Heptadienal, （E,E）-
（E,E）-2,4-庚二烯醛
?
?
0.19±0.00
0.15±0.00
23
Benzyl alcohol
苯甲醇
?
0.17±0.00
?
?
24
2-Furanmethanol
糠醇
?
?
0.13±0.00
?
25
1-Hexanol
1-己醇
?
?
0.36±0.00
?
26
2（3H）-Furanone, dihydro-5-pentyl-
丙位壬内酯
0.52±0.01
0.62±0.02
0.39±0.00
0.14±0.00
27
Hexanoic acid, methyl ester
己酸甲酯
1.00±0.01
0.83±0.02
?
?
28
Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester
己酸乙酯
0.20±0.00
?
0.57±0.00
?
29
Octanoic acid, methyl ester
辛酸甲酯
0.19±0.00
?
?
?
30
Methyl salicylate
水杨酸甲酯
1.99±0.02
2.78±0.10
?
?
31
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester
棕榈酸甲酯
?
?
0.06±0.00
?
32
Di-sec-butyl phthalate
邻苯二甲酸二仲丁酯
?
?
0.89±0.00
?
33
2（3H）-Furanone, 5-ethyldihydro-
gamma-己内酯
1.55±0.17
?
?
?
34
Dodecane
十二烷
0.23±0.00
0.46±0.01
2.37±0.09
1.25±0.16
35
Cyclododecane
环十二烷
?
?
?
?
36
Tridecane
十三烷
0.81±0.01
2.58±0.27
3.97±0.09
?
37
Tetradecane
十四烷
0.65±0.00
1.71±0.02
0.96±0.0
0.70±0.02
38
Cyclotetradecane
环十四烷
?
?
0.13±0.00
?39
40
Pentadecane
十五烷
?
0.56±0.00
0.18±0.00
?
41
Acetoin
3-羟基-2-丁酮
?
?
0.61±0.00
?
42
2,3-Octanedione
2,3-辛二酮
0.39±0.00
0.39±0.00
?
?
43
5,9-Undecadien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl-, （E）-
香叶基丙酮
?
?
0.51±0.00
0.34±0.00
44
3-Octen-2-one
3-辛烯-2-酮
0.58±0.00
?
?
?
45
trans-3-Nonen-2-one
3-壬烯-2-酮
?
?
?
0.39±0.05
46
3,5-Octadien-2-one
3,5 -辛二烯-2-酮
?
?
0.56±0.00
0.65±0.01
47
2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3,4,4-trimethyl-
3,4,4-三甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮
?
?
0.37±0.00
0.31±0.00
48
2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl
植酮
0.30±0.00
?
?
0.09±0.00
49
1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene
环辛四烯
?
?
0.28±0.00
?
50
Seychellene
西车烯
?
1.16±0.04
0.54±0.00
?
51
Cedrene
雪松烯
?
0.48±0.00
?
?
52
1,3-Hexadiene, 3-ethyl-2-methyl-
3-乙基-2-甲基-1,3-己二烯
?
?
?
0.48±0.00
53
Humulene
葎草烯
?
0.45±0.01
0.55±0.00
?
54
Cetene
Z-8-十六烯
?
0.46±0.00
?
0.02±0.00
55
1-Tetradecene
1-十四（碳）烯
?
?
0.29±0.00
?
56
Furan, 2-ethyl-
2-乙基呋喃
0.25±0.00
?
?
?
57
Furan, 2-pentyl-
2-戊基呋喃
8.60±0.46
6.48±0.16
5.85±0.06
7.22±0.30
58
Dibenzofuran
二苯并呋喃
?
0.15±0.01
?
?
59
Pyrazine, 2,3-dimethyl-
2,3-二甲基吡嗪
?
0.38±0.03
0.70±0.00
0.43±0.00
60
Pyrazine, trimethyl-
2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪
?
?
0.90±0.00
?
61
Pyrazine, tetramethyl-
2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪
?
?
7.90±0.01
17.89±0.30
62
Pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-
3-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪
?
0.16±0.00
?
?
63
Naphthalene
萘
3.27±0.04
3.69±0.08
2.93±0.04
0.86±0.31
64
Naphthalene, 2-methyl-
2-甲基萘
1.34±0.00
1.90±0.06
0.71±0.00
0.13±0.00
65
Naphthalene, 2,6-dimethyl-
2,6-二甲基萘
?
?
0.03±0.00
?
66
Phenol, p-tert-butyl-
4-叔丁基苯酚
?
?
0.10±0.00
?
67
o-Xylene
邻二甲苯
?
?
0.29±0.00
?
68
Biphenyl
联苯
0.31±0.00
?
0.12±0.00
?
69
Indole
吲哚
?
?
0.19±0.00
?
70
Ethanone, 1,1'-（1,4-phenylene）bis-
1,4-二乙酰苯
?
?
0.12±0.00
?
71
Ethanone, 1-（1H-pyrrol-2-yl）-
2-乙酰基吡咯
?
1.88±0.05
?
?
Acids
酸类
25.2516.65 17.28 9.35
Aldehydes
醛类
27.7727.05 6.34 29.10
Alcohols
醇类
?0.17 0.49 -
Esters
酯类
5.454.23 1.91 0.14
Alkanes
烷烃类
1.695.31 7.61 1.95
Ketones
酮类
1.270.39 2.05 1.78
Terpenes
萜烯类
?2.55 1.66 0.51
Heterocyclic
杂环类
13.46
7.17
15.35
25.54
Others
其他类
0.31
7.47
4.49
0.99
Total
合计
75.20
70.99
57.18
69.36
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